Archaeologists working near the Sea of Galilee have uncovered an unusual feature in a Byzantine-era cathedral that is reshaping understanding of early Christian baptism rituals. The findings, published in Palestine Exploration Quarterly, highlight a rare and complex approach to religious ceremonies in the ancient city of Hippos.

During excavations at the site, researchers identified not one but two baptisteries—dedicated spaces used for conducting baptisms—within the same cathedral. This marks the first known instance of such an arrangement, as it was previously believed that a single baptistery served each church.

Photo: Hippos Excavation Project / Michael Eisenberg

According to project leaders Michael Eisenberg and Arleta Kowalewska, the second baptistery was likely added during renovations in the late 6th century. Evidence suggests both spaces may have been used simultaneously, potentially to accommodate larger numbers of worshippers or to facilitate different forms of baptismal rites.

Among the most intriguing discoveries is a marble block featuring three carefully carved depressions. Unlike any artifact found before, researchers believe these indentations may have held sacred oils used for anointing—a key component of baptism—indicating that the ritual may have involved multiple stages.

Photo: Hippos Excavation Project / Michael Eisenberg

Additional finds near the baptistery include a large reliquary and a bronze candelabrum, objects typically associated with the veneration of saints. This has led scholars to suggest that the area may have also functioned as a martyrion, a space for religious devotion alongside baptismal ceremonies.

The two baptisteries themselves differ in design. One appears to have been supplied with running water, consistent with traditional practices, while the other used still water. The smaller basin may have been intended for baptizing children, while the larger one was likely used for adults.

The cathedral was destroyed by an earthquake in 749 and never rebuilt. This sudden abandonment helped preserve parts of the structure in remarkable condition, effectively creating a “time capsule” of early Christian life.

Researchers say the discovery offers new insights into the diversity and evolution of religious practices in the Byzantine world, revealing that early Christian rituals were more varied and sophisticated than previously thought.